Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason women live longer than men? And how the advantage has grown as time passes? We only have partial evidence and the evidence isn't sufficient to draw an unambiguous conclusion. We are aware that behavioral, biological and environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer lives than men, however, we aren't sure how significant the impact of each factor is.

It is known that women are living longer than men, regardless of their weight. However it is not because of certain non-biological aspects have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, every country is above the diagonal parity line - this means in all countries baby girls can expect to live longer than a newborn boy.1

Interestingly, this chart shows that while the female advantage exists everywhere, the global differences are significant. In Russia women live for 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan there is a difference of less than half a calendar year.

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The female advantage in terms of life expectancy was lower in countries with higher incomes than it is today.
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart shows the life expectancy of males and females when they were born in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two specific points stand اضيق وضعية للجماع out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Men and women living in America are living longer than they were 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is growing: Although the female advantage in life expectancy used to be very small, it has increased substantially over time.

You can confirm that these principles are also applicable to other countries that have data by selecting the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.