Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so longer than men in the present, and why does this benefit increase in the past? We have only a small amount of evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to draw an informed conclusion. We are aware that behavioral, biological and environmental factors play a role in the fact that women live longer than men; however, we aren't sure what the contribution to each of these variables is.

We are aware that women live longer than men, regardless of their weight. However it is not due to the fact that certain biological or non-biological factors have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is over the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl in all countries can be expected to live for longer than her brother.

This graph shows that even though women enjoy an advantage throughout the world, the differences between countries are often significant. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than males; while in Bhutan the gap is just half each year.

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In the richer countries, the female advantage in longevity was smaller
Let's look at how the female advantage in longevity has changed over time. The chart below shows male and female life expectancies at the time of birth in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two things stand out.

There is an upward trend. Both men as well as women in the US are living much, علامات الحمل بولد (www.atari-wiki.com) much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy was once tiny, it has increased substantially with time.

You can check if these principles are also applicable to other countries with data by selecting the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.