Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men in the present and how does this benefit increase over time? We have only a small amount of evidence and the evidence isn't sufficient to draw a definitive conclusion. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors play a role in the fact that women have longer life spans than men, اوضاع الجماع however, we aren't sure how much the influence of each factor is.

It is known that women are living longer than males, اوضاع الجماع regardless of weight. But it is not because of certain non-biological factors have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are above the diagonal parity line ; this means that in all countries a newborn girl can expect to live longer than a new boy.1

The chart below shows that although women have an advantage throughout the world, the differences between countries can be substantial. In Russia, women live 10 years more than males. In Bhutan the difference is just half a year.

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The advantage for women in life expectancy was much lower in countries with higher incomes that it is today.
Let's now look at how the advantage of women in longevity has changed with time. The chart below illustrates the men and women's life expectancies at the birth in the US between 1790 to 2014. Two things stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Women and men in the United States live longer than they used to 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

There is an increasing gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be quite small however, it has increased significantly over the course of the last century.

If you select the option "Change country' on the chart, confirm that the two points are applicable to the other countries having available information: Sweden, France and the UK.