Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live much longer than men today and how is this difference growing over time? The evidence is sketchy and we're only able to provide some answers. We know that biological, behavioral and environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer life spans than men, however, we do not know what the contribution to each of these variables is.

We know that women are living longer than males, regardless of weight. But this isn't because of certain biological factors have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for اوضاع الجماع survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is over the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can be expected to live for longer than her older brother.

It is interesting to note that the advantage of women exists across all countries, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia women have a longer life span than men; in Bhutan the gap is just half each year.

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In rich countries the women's advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's now look at how the female advantage in longevity has changed with time. The chart below shows gender-based and female-specific life expectancy at the time of birth in the US between 1790 to 2014. Two points stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men and women in America have longer lives than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is a widening gap: The female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be extremely small, but it grew substantially over the course of the last century.

You can verify that these are applicable to other countries that have data by selecting the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.