Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live more than men do today, and why does this benefit increase over time? The evidence is sketchy and we're left with only some solutions. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all play a role in the fact that women live longer than men; but we don't know exactly what the contribution of each one of these factors is.

We have learned that women live longer than men, regardless of their weight. But it is not due to the fact that certain biological or non-biological factors have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and ماذا يحدث بين الزوجين في الحمام بالصور relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is over the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can anticipate to live longer than her brothers.

Interestingly, this chart shows that while the female advantage exists across all countries, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan there is a difference of less than half a calendar year.

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In rich countries the women's advantage in longevity was not as great.
Let's examine how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The next chart plots male and female life expectancy at birth in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two points stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Both genders living in America are living longer than they were a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an increase in the gap between men and women: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used to be quite small however it increased dramatically over the course of the last century.

You can verify that these principles are also applicable to other countries that have data by clicking on the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.