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Why do women have longer lives than men?

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Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live much longer than men today and how does this benefit increase over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to support an absolute conclusion. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors play a role in the fact that women have longer lives than men, however, we do not know how much the influence of each one of these factors is.

It is known that women are living longer than men, regardless of their weight. However, this is not because of certain biological factors have changed. What are these factors that have changed? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are others that are more intricate. For example, كيفية ممارسة العلاقة الزوجية فى الاسلام there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is above the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in every country can be expected to live for longer than her brother.

This chart is interesting in that it shows that, while the advantage for كيفية ممارسة العلاقة الزوجية فى الاسلام women exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live for 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan the difference is only half a year.

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The advantage women had in life expectancy was much lower in developed countries as compared to the present.
Let's see how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The next chart shows male and female life expectancies when they were born in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two distinct points stand out.

There is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they used to a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is increasing: While the female advantage in terms of life expectancy was very small but it has risen significantly in the past.

If you select the option "Change country by country' in the chart, you are able to verify that these two points apply to other countries with available data: Sweden, France and the UK.